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Topic 11 – States of Matter – Liquids and Solids

Download full set of notes for Topic 11 (MS Word 2000)

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY AS IT APPLIES TO GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS
Gases
Liquids
Solids

The relationship between state and the balance between kinetic energy and intermolecular forces

Changing the state of a substance can be accomplished by changing temperature or by changing pressure
Heating and cooling change the kinetic energy of the particles
Increasing and decreasing the pressure changes the average distance between particles
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Definition and description
Types of intermolecular forces
Van der Waals forces
Dipole-dipole forces
Dispersion forces
Hydrogen bonds
Identifying intermolecular forces  
The relationship between intermolecular forces and the properties of liquids

Five properties of liquids reflect the strength of that liquid’s intermolecular forces

Heat of vaporization
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Surface tension
Viscosity
Ranking substances in terms of the properties of liquids on the basis of intermolecular forces
A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR LIQUIDS
Closeness
Intermolecular forces
Motion of the particles
Kinetic energy of the particles
The “regional model” of a liquid
SOLID STATE
Classification of solids by type of attraction of units
Molecular solid
Metallic solid
Ionic solid
Covalent network solid
Physical properties of solids
Melting point and structure
Hardness, brittleness, and structure
Electrical conductivity and structure
CHANGES OF STATE
Types of phase transitions
Melting
Freezing
Vaporization
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition
Kinetic Molecular Theory and changes of state
Heat of phase transition
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization  
Comparing heat of fusion and heat of vaporization
Heating curves
Vapor pressure
Definition
Description at the molecular level   
Volatility
Solids and vapor pressure
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Definitions and description
Definitions
Phase diagram
Triple point
Critical point
Critical temperature
Critical pressure     
Description of a phase diagram
A phase diagram contains three important curves
The sublimation curve   
The vaporization curve
The melting curve
Conditions for liquefaction