| INTRODUCTION
TO SOLUTIONS |
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Types of solutions |
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Gaseous solutions |
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Liquid solutions |
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Solid solutions |
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Terms for the parts of a solution |
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Solvent |
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Solute |
| THE
SOLUTION PROCESS |
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Summarized in terms of free energy |
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Entropy
changes (increasing disorder) tend to favor solution formation |
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Enthalpy
changes (heat changes) may or may not favor solution formation |
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It is the total energy change that controls the
solution process |
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Enthalpy changes and solution formation |
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Three interactions involved in solutions |
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These interactions may involve |
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Ionic bonding |
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Intermolecular forces |
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The three processes involved in the formation of
a solution |
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Separation of solvent particles from each other |
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Separation of solute particles from each other |
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Surrounding the solute particles by the solvent
particles |
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Energy changes and the solution process |
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SOLUBILITY
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Terms relating to solutions and their formation |
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Dissolving |
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Crystallization |
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Soluble |
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Insoluble
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Miscible |
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Immiscible |
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Solubility and solutions |
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Solubility |
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Saturated solution |
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Unsaturated solution |
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Supersaturated solution |
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Comparison among these three |
| EFFECTS
OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON SOLUBILITY |
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Solids |
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Effect of temperature on the solubility of
solids |
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Effect of pressure on the solubility of solids |
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Gases |
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Effect of temperature on the solubility of gases |
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Effect of pressure on the solubility of gases
and Henry’s Law |
| SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION |
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Molarity |
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Mass percentage of solute |
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Molality |
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Mole fraction |
| CONVERSIONS
AMONG CONCENTRATION UNITS |
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Converting percent to mole fraction |
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Converting molality and mole fraction |
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Converting molality and molarity |
| INTRODUCTION
TO COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES |
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Definition |
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List of colligative properties |
| VAPOR
PRESSURE LOWERING |
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Vapor pressure lowering |
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Definition |
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Symbol |
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Equation |
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Raoult’s Law |
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Verbal definition |
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Mathematical definition |
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Vapor pressure lowering depends on the
concentration of the solute but not on its specific nature |
| BOILING
POINT ELEVATION |
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Verbal definition |
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Mathematical definition |
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Equation for boiling point elevation |
| FREEZING
POINT DEPRESSION |
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Verbal definition |
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Mathematical definition |
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Equation for freezing point depression |
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Freezing point depression may also be used to
determine molecular weight |
| OSMOSIS |
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Osmosis defined |
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Osmotic pressure defined |
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Equation for osmotic pressure |
| COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES OF IONIC SOLUTIONS |
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The key difference between the numerical values
for molecular and ionic |
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Depends on the number of particles in the
solution |
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Ionic will always be greater than molecular |
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The form of the equations for colligative
properties of ionic solutions |
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General form |
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The
van’t Hoff factor |