| RADIOACTIVITY
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The first three types of radiation
discovered |
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Alpha radiation |
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Beta radiation |
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Gamma radiation |
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Nuclear Equations |
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Nuclide symbol |
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Isotope name |
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Reactants and products |
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Nuclides |
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Other particles |
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Conservation rules for nuclear
reactions |
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Total charge is conserved -
conservation of atomic number |
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Total
number of nucleons is conserved -
conservation of mass number |
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Comparison of chemical reactions
and nuclear reactions |
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Writing nuclear equations |
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Nuclear Stability |
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The
strong nuclear force holds the nucleus together |
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Predicting nuclear stability |
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There is a “band of stability”
in a plot of number of protons versus number of neutrons |
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Types of radioactive decay |
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5 common types |
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Alpha emission |
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Beta emission |
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Positron emission |
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Electron capture |
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Gamma emission |
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Predicting types of radioactive
decay |
| NUCLEAR
BOMBARDMENT REACTIONS |
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Transmutation |
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Particle accelerator |
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Transuranium elements |
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Bombardment reactions |
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Rules for writing the abbreviated
notation for bombardment reactions |
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Examples of writing the abbreviated
notation for bombardment reactions |
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Examples of writing the nuclear
equations from abbreviated notation for bombardment reactions |
| BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF RADIATION |
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Two types of biological damage from
radiation |
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Somatic |
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Genetic |
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Chemical basis for radiation damage |
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Due to the ionizing ability of
these types of radiation |
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Alpha and beta particles, as well
as gamma photons, can cause ionization, and are therefore called
“ionizing radiation” |
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These can directly ionize
biological and organic molecules |
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In addition, these can and do form
radicals (also called “free radicals”) |
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Formation of radicals |
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Factors that affect the amount of
damage caused by radiation |
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The intensity
of the radiation |
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The energy
of the radiation absorbed |
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The type
of radiation absorbed |
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Units of radiation |
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Curie – disintegrations |
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Roentgen – output |
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rad – absorbed |
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rem – damage |
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Duration of exposure is critical
for determining the effects |
| KINETICS
OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY |
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All radioactive decays obey
first-order kinetics |
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The mathematics of radioactive
decay |
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Calculations involving radioactive
decay |
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Calculating the decay constant from
a measure of the activity of a substance |
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Calculating the half-life from the
decay constant |
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Calculating the half-life from
activity measurements |
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Calculating the decay constant from
the half-life |
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Using radioisotopes for dating
samples |
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Deriving the radiodating equation |
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Approach to radiodating |
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